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grade rod

  • 1 нивелирная рейка

    Russian-English dictionary of construction > нивелирная рейка

  • 2 нивелирна лата

    grade rod
    level staff
    level staffs
    levelling rod
    levelling staff
    levelling staffs
    surveyor's staff
    surveyor's staffs
    suspending rod

    Български-Angleščina политехнически речник > нивелирна лата

  • 3 нивелирная рейка

    1) General subject: staff, target rod
    3) American: rod
    4) Engineering: leveling pole, stake, survey stake
    9) Forestry: stake pointer
    10) Cartography: aiming stake, level pole, level rod
    11) General subject: tape rod

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > нивелирная рейка

  • 4 мира

    1) Engineering: focus target (в резольвометрии), test-object
    2) Construction: sight rail, sight rod, target rod
    3) Astronomy: azimuth mark
    4) Geodesy: grade rod
    5) Cinema: test chart
    7) Polygraphy: test image
    8) Information technology: mark, target
    9) Cartography: mire

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > мира

  • 5 рейка с делениями

    1) Geology: grade rod
    2) Military: graduated rule
    4) Makarov: rod

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > рейка с делениями

  • 6 mire

    subst. (vvs) [ kort-lang] grade rod

    Norsk-engelsk ordbok > mire

  • 7 нивелирная рейка

    hub геод., staff, grade rod

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > нивелирная рейка

  • 8 calibre

    calibre [kalibʀ]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = diamètre) [de fusil, canon, obus, balle] calibre (Brit), caliber (US) ; [de tuyau, câble] diameter ; [d'œufs, de fruits] grade ; [de boule] size
       b. ( = instrument) (pour mesurer) gauge ; (pour reproduire) template
       c. ( = envergure) calibre (Brit), caliber (US)
       d. (slang = pistolet) pistol
    * * *
    kalibʀ
    nom masculin
    1) ( diamètre) (d'arme à feu, de tuyau, balle) calibre [BrE]; ( de câble) diameter
    2) (d'œufs, de fruits, légumes) size
    3) ( étalon) gauge
    4) ( mesure) template, pattern
    5) (colloq) ( pistolet) gun
    6) ( de personne) calibre [BrE]
    * * *
    kalibʀ nm
    1) [fruit] grade
    2) [arme] bore, calibre Grande-Bretagne caliber USA
    3) fig calibre Grande-Bretagne caliber USA
    * * *
    calibre nm
    1 ( diamètre) (d'arme à feu, de tuyau, balle) calibreGB, bore; ( de câble) diameter; arme/balle de calibre 5,56 5.56 mm (calibreGB) gun/bullet; arme de gros calibre large-bore weapon; obus de gros calibre large-calibreGB shell;
    2 (d'œufs, de fruits, légumes) size, grade;
    3 Mécan ( étalon) gauge; calibre d'épaisseur thickness gauge;
    4 Mécan, Mode ( mesure) template, pattern;
    5 ○( pistolet) gun, rod○ US;
    6 ( de personne) calibreGB; être d'un tout autre calibre [personne] to be of a different calibreGB altogether; [création, œuvre] to be in a different class altogether.
    [kalibr] nom masculin
    1. INDUSTRIE & MÉCANIQUE gauge
    2. CONSTRUCTION & TRAVAUX PUBLICS template
    3. ARMEMENT & TECHNOLOGIE bore, calibre
    4. COMMERCE grade, (standardized ou standard) size
    5. (très familier & argot milieu) [revolver] shooter (très familier & UK), rod (très familier & US)

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > calibre

  • 9 talla

    f.
    1 size (medida).
    ¿qué talla usas? what size are you?
    no es de mi talla it's not my size
    2 height (estatura).
    es de mi talla she's as tall as me
    3 stature.
    dar la talla to be up to it
    no dio la talla como representante del colegio he wasn't up to the task of representing his school
    5 cutting.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: tallar.
    * * *
    1 (estatura) height
    2 figurado (moral, intelectual) stature
    ■ ¿qué talla usa? what size is he?
    4 (escultura) carving, sculpture
    5 (tallado - piedras) cutting; (- metal) engraving
    \
    dar la talla para hacer algo figurado to be up to doing something
    de talla / de mucha talla figurado outstanding, prominent
    * * *
    noun f.
    5) size
    * * *
    I
    SF
    1) [de ropa] size

    ¿de qué talla son estos pantalones? — what size are these trousers?

    2) (=altura) height

    dar la talla — (lit) to be tall enough; (fig) to measure up

    no ha dado la talla para ingresar en el ejército — he wasn't tall enough to join the army, he didn't satisfy the minimum height requirement for joining the army

    no dio la talla como solista — he didn't make the grade as a soloist, he didn't measure up as a soloist

    3) (=categoría, nivel) stature
    4) (Arte) (=escultura) sculpture; [de madera] carving; (=grabado) engraving

    talla en madera — woodwork, wood carving

    5) (=vara) measuring rod
    6) (Naipes) hand
    7) (Med) † gallstones operation
    8) (Jur) † reward ( for capture of a criminal)
    II
    SF
    1) CAm (=mentira) fib, lie
    2) Cono Sur (=chismes) gossip, chitchat; (=piropo) compliment
    3) And (=paliza) beating
    4) Méx * (=pelea) set-to *, squabble
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Indum) size

    ¿cuál es su talla? — what size are you?

    de o en todas las tallas — in all sizes

    b) ( estatura) size, height

    dar la talla — ( en altura) to be tall enough; ( mostrarse competente) to make the grade, measure up

    una revista de la talla de `Semana' — a magazine as important as `Semana'

    2) ( escultura) sculpture; ( de madera) carving; ( de piedras preciosas) cutting
    3) (AmL) (Jueg)
    a) ( repartición) deal
    b) ( banca) bank
    4) (Chi fam)
    a) ( dicho) joke, wisecrack (colloq)
    b) ( broma) practical joke
    * * *
    Ex. She situates the vessels in the context of Icelandic carving traditions in horn, bone, and walrus ivory = Ella sitúa las vasijas en el contexto de la tradición islandesa de la escultura en astas de cuernos, huesos y marfil de morsa.
    ----
    * dar la talla = be up to the mark, be up to scratch, measure up (to), be up to snuff, make + the cut.
    * de talla media = middle-sized.
    * de talla mundial = world-class.
    * talla de madera = wood carving.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Indum) size

    ¿cuál es su talla? — what size are you?

    de o en todas las tallas — in all sizes

    b) ( estatura) size, height

    dar la talla — ( en altura) to be tall enough; ( mostrarse competente) to make the grade, measure up

    una revista de la talla de `Semana' — a magazine as important as `Semana'

    2) ( escultura) sculpture; ( de madera) carving; ( de piedras preciosas) cutting
    3) (AmL) (Jueg)
    a) ( repartición) deal
    b) ( banca) bank
    4) (Chi fam)
    a) ( dicho) joke, wisecrack (colloq)
    b) ( broma) practical joke
    * * *

    Ex: She situates the vessels in the context of Icelandic carving traditions in horn, bone, and walrus ivory = Ella sitúa las vasijas en el contexto de la tradición islandesa de la escultura en astas de cuernos, huesos y marfil de morsa.

    * dar la talla = be up to the mark, be up to scratch, measure up (to), be up to snuff, make + the cut.
    * de talla media = middle-sized.
    * de talla mundial = world-class.
    * talla de madera = wood carving.

    * * *
    A
    ¿cuál es su talla? what size are you?
    ¿qué talla usa? what size do you take?
    una camisa de la talla 42 a size 42 shirt
    te hace falta una talla más you need the next size up o a size larger
    abrigos en todas las tallas coats in all sizes
    2 (estatura) size, height
    de talla mediana of medium height
    dar la talla (en altura) to be tall enough; (mostrarse competente) to make the grade, measure up
    3
    (categoría): un escritor de talla internacional/de gran talla a writer of international/of considerable stature
    una revista de la talla de `Semana' a magazine as important as `Semana'
    B
    1 (escultura) sculpture
    2 (de madera) carving
    2 (banca) bank
    ¿quién tiene or lleva la talla? who's the bank?, who's banker?
    E ( Chi fam)
    1 (dicho) joke, wisecrack ( colloq)
    2 (broma) practical joke
    * * *

     

    Del verbo tallar: ( conjugate tallar)

    talla es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    talla    
    tallar
    talla sustantivo femenino
    a) (Indum) size;

    ◊ ¿cuál es su talla? what size are you?;

    de o en todas las tallas in all sizes


    tallar ( conjugate tallar) verbo transitivo
    1 ‹ madera› to carve;
    ‹escultura/mármol› to sculpt;
    ‹ piedras preciosas› to cut
    2 (Méx)


    verbo intransitivo (Col) [ zapatos] to be too tight
    tallarse verbo pronominal (Méx)


    ‹ ojos› to rub
    talla sustantivo femenino
    1 (de ropa) size
    ¿cuál es tu talla?, what size are you?
    2 (altura) height, stature: no da la talla para jugar al baloncesto, he's not tall enough to play basketball
    3 (categoría, importancia) standing
    un pintor de gran talla, a painter of great stature
    4 (acción de tallar: piedras preciosas) cutting
    (: madera) carving
    (: metal) engraving
    5 (escultura tallada) sculpture, (wood) carving
    ♦ Locuciones: figurado dar la talla, to make the grade, measure up
    tallar verbo transitivo
    1 (dar forma, esculpir) to sculpt
    (piedras preciosas) to cut
    (la madera) to carve
    (el metal) to engrave
    2 (medir a una persona) to measure the height of
    ' talla' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    belleza
    - mayor
    - sentar
    - única
    - único
    - quedar
    English:
    fit
    - height
    - M
    - scratch
    - size
    - take
    - wanting
    - woodcarving
    - carving
    - L
    - medium
    - out
    - preferably
    - stature
    * * *
    talla nf
    1. [medida] size;
    ¿qué talla usas? what size are you?;
    ¿qué talla de camisa usas? what size shirt are you?, what size shirt do you take?;
    yo uso la talla XL I take size XL;
    unos pantalones de la talla 44 a pair of size 44 trousers;
    gorros de talla única one-size caps;
    no es de mi talla it's not my size
    2. [estatura] height;
    ¿qué talla tiene el bebé? what does the baby measure?;
    es de mi talla she's my height
    3. [valor, capacidad] stature;
    hay pocos atletas de la talla del cubano there are few athletes to match the Cuban;
    políticos de gran talla moral politicians of considerable moral stature;
    dar la talla to be up to it;
    no dio la talla como representante del colegio he wasn't up to the task of representing his school
    4. [figura tallada] [en madera] carving;
    [en piedra] sculpture, carving; [en metal] sculpture
    5. [tallado] [de madera] carving;
    [piedra] sculpting, carving; [de metal] sculpting; [de piedras preciosas] cutting
    * * *
    f
    1 size;
    de gran talla fig outstanding;
    dar la talla fig make the grade
    2 ( estatura) height
    3 C.Am. ( mentira) lie
    * * *
    talla nf
    1) estatura: height
    2) : size (in clothing)
    3) : stature, status
    4) : sculpture, carving
    * * *
    ¿qué talla usas? what size are you?

    Spanish-English dictionary > talla

  • 10 ῥάβδος

    Grammatical information: f.
    Meaning: `twig, rod, staff, streak, groove' (Il.).
    Compounds: Compp., e.g. ῥαβδ-οῦχος m. `staff-bearer' as name of an official (Ar., Th., hell.), πολύ-ρραβδος `having many streaks' (Arist.).
    Derivatives: 1. Dimin. ῥαβδ-ίον n. (Arist., Thphr.); 2. ῥαβδ-ωτός `having rods, streaks, grooves' (X., Arist.), - ωμα H. as explanation of σκυτάλια; - ωσις f. `cannelure' (Att. inscr. end Va; Kretschmer Glotta 14, 230, Holt Les noms d'action en - σις 152f.); 3. Denomin.: a) ῥαβδ-ίζω `to beat with a rod, to thresh' (com., Thphr.) with - ισμός m. `treshing', - ιστήρ m. `thresher' (pap.); b) - εύομαι `to fish with a rod' (Arist.); c) - όομαι `to have streaks' (Lyd.).
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]
    Etymology: Perh. cognate with ῥάμνος, ῥαπίς. A suffixal element δο- can, except in a few nouns indicating sounds (e.g. κέλαδος), only be found in isolated, etymolog. mostly unclear words (Schwyzer 508 f., Chantraine Form. 359 f.); but note the old, in meaning close word κλάδος; cf. Specht Ursprung 230 with motley material. A basis *ῥάβ-ι̯ος, by Bq given as possible, is defended by Haas Μνήμης χάριν 1, 132. Except for the - δ-, ῥάβ-δ-ος can be compared with Lith. vir̃bas `twig, spigs, rod' and Russ. vérba (OCS vrъba) `willow' (IE *u̯r̥b-). Beside it with full grade Lat. verbera pl. `(rods for) punishment', verbēnae pl. `the twigs of the laurel etc.' -- Further forms w. lit. in W.-Hofmann, Fraenkel and Vasmer s.vv.; also WP. 1, 275 and Pok. 1153. -- We can be certain that the word is Pre-Greek (not in Furnée).
    Page in Frisk: 2,636-637

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥάβδος

  • 11 ῥαπίζω

    ῥαπίζω, - ομαι
    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: ἐπι- (also `to reproach'), `to beat with a stick, a rod, by hand', pass. `to be beaten' (ΙΑ.).
    Other forms: Aor. pass. ῥαπισθῆναι, act. ῥαπίσαι, perf. ptc. pass. ῥεραπισμένα.
    Compounds: Rarely w. prefix, e.g. ἐπι- (also `to reproach').
    Derivatives: ῥάπ-ισμα n. `stroke, slap in the face, box on the ears' (Antiph., NT, Luc.), - ισμός m. `id.' (Corn., Sor.); ἐπιρράπ-ιξις f. `reproach' (Ion. Hist.), - ισμός `id.' (Plb.). -- Besides as 2. member - ραπις in χρυσό-ρραπις, voc. -ι `with a golden rod', surname of Hermes (Od., h. Merc., Pi.), ἐΰ-ρραπις ( Έρμῆς) `with a beautiful rod' (Nonn.); ῥαπίς as simplex = ῥάβδος only H., Phot.
    Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably]
    Etymology: As the simplex ῥαπίς may have been deduced from χρυσό-ρραπις and here - ις can be explained as compound-suffix ( ἄν-αλκ-ις, ἵππ-ουρ-ις), the basis of ῥαπίζω is uncertain. It may come from a noun (*ῥάψ, *ῥαπ-ή v.t.), but it can also be tranformation of a primary verb; cf. the examples in Schwyzer 735 f. -- Formally ῥαπίζω could be a zero grade formation of ῥέπω, ῥόπαλον and would indicate, if deverbative, a sweeping movement (of a rod, the hand etc.). Further s. ῥέπω; vgl. 1. ῥώψ, ῥάβδος, ῥάμνος; also ῥάπτω. -- The word may well be Pre-Greek.
    Page in Frisk: 2,642-643

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥαπίζω

  • 12 уровень

    (напр. точности) echelon, column, grade, ( иерархической структуры) layer вчт., ( прибор) builder's level, carpenter's level, mechanic's level, level, surface гидр., (напр. подземных вод) table
    * * *
    у́ровень м.
    1. ( прибор) level
    поверя́ть у́ровень — test the level for adjustment
    поменя́ть места́ми концы́ у́ровня — reverse [turn] the level end-for-end
    ста́вить ре́йку по у́ровню — keep a rod plumb by a level
    2. (степень величины, значимости и т. п.) level
    доводи́ть у́ровень до … — bring up the level to …; bring up the level flush with …
    доли́ть до норма́льного у́ровня — top up the level
    измеря́ть у́ровень в ба́ке — gauge a tank
    над у́ровнем земли́ — above ground level, above grade
    на одно́м у́ровне с … — flush [level] with …
    не допуска́ть превыше́ния у́ровня вы́ше отме́тки ПО́ЛНО — never carry the level above the FULL mark
    привя́зывать у́ровень элк. — clamp [fix] the level
    располага́ться на у́ровне — чего-л. be located on the level of …
    устана́вливаться на постоя́нном у́ровне — level off
    акце́пторный у́ровень — acceptor level
    у́ровень бе́лого тлв. — write level
    у́ровень бланки́рования тлв. — blanking level
    бруско́вый у́ровень — block level
    у́ровень возбужде́ния — excitation level
    возбуждё́нный у́ровень — excited level
    у́ровень высо́ких вод — high-water level
    у́ровень гаше́ния тлв. — blanking level
    геодези́ческий у́ровень — geodetic level
    гидростати́ческий у́ровень — hydrostatic level
    у́ровень гро́мкости — loudness level
    у́ровень грунто́вых вод — ground water table, ground water level
    дискре́тный у́ровень — discrete level
    довери́тельный у́ровень мат. — confidence level
    до́норный у́ровень полупр. — donor level
    у́ровень за́писи — recording level
    запо́лненный у́ровень вчт. — occupied level
    у́ровень заря́да ( аккумулятора) — the state of charge
    у́ровень за́сыпи ( доменной печи) — stock line
    у́ровень звуково́го давле́ния — sound level
    у́ровень земли́ стр. — grade
    у́ровень зна́чимости — significance level, level of significance
    у́ровень излуче́ния — radiation level
    у́ровень изоля́ции — insulation level
    у́ровень инве́рсии ( населённости) — inversion level
    у́ровень инве́рсии, поро́говый — inversion threshold
    у́ровень инже́кции полупр. — injection level
    у́ровень интегра́ции — integration level
    у́ровень интенси́вности — intensity level
    у́ровень иониза́ции — ionization level
    ионизи́рованный у́ровень — ionized level
    у́ровень квантова́ния — quantization level
    у́ровень кисло́тности — acidity level
    у́ровень коди́рования ( в кодирующей ЭЛТ) — quantum [quantizing] level
    контро́льный у́ровень — reference level
    у́ровень ме́женных вод — low-water level
    у́ровень мо́ря — sea level
    над у́ровнем мо́ря — above sea level
    приводи́ть к у́ровню мо́ря — reduce to sea level
    у́ровень мо́ря, сре́дний — mean sea level
    у́ровень мо́щности — power level
    у́ровень нака́чки элк. — pumping level
    у́ровень нивели́ра, приставно́й — striding level
    у́ровень нивели́ра, пузырько́вый — bubble (level)
    установи́ть (пузырько́вый) у́ровень нивели́ра в нуль-пункт — centre the bubble
    нулево́й у́ровень
    1. ( исходный) геод. datum (reference) level
    2. эл. zero level
    у́ровень ограниче́ния элк. — limiting level
    у́ровень освещё́нности — illumination level
    у́ровень отсе́чки — cut-off level
    у́ровень перегру́зки — overload level
    у́ровень переда́чи — transmission level
    у́ровень перехо́дного разгово́ра — cross-talk level
    подпо́рный у́ровень [ПУ] гидр. — pond [headwater] level
    у́ровень поме́х — noise level
    поро́говый у́ровень — threshold level
    у́ровень прилипа́ния физ. — capture [trapping] level
    при́месный у́ровень полупр. — impurity level
    у́ровень разря́да ( аккумулятора) — the state of discharge
    ра́мный у́ровень — frame level
    у́ровень с отве́сом — carpenter's level
    спиртово́й у́ровень — spirit level
    у́ровень стоя́нки ( землеройной машины) — the natural surface of the ground (on which the earth-moving machine rests)
    у́ровень Та́мма — Tamm state
    у́ровень тона́льного вы́зова тлф. — call tone volume
    у́ровень управле́ния вчт. — level of the hierarchy
    у́ровень устано́вки ( экскаватора) — natural ground, the natural surface of the ground (on which the machine rests)
    у́ровень Фе́рми — Fermi level
    у́ровень фо́на — hum [background noise] level
    форси́рованный у́ровень — surcharged reservoir level
    у́ровень «черне́е чё́рного» тлв. — blacker-than-black level
    у́ровень чё́рного тлв. — black level
    энергети́ческий у́ровень физ. — (energy) level
    достра́ивать энергети́ческий у́ровень по́лностью — complete a level
    занима́ть энергети́ческий у́ровень — occupy a level
    заполня́ть энергети́ческий у́ровень — fill a level
    находи́ться на энергети́ческом у́ровне — reside at a … level
    переходи́ть с у́ровня на у́ровень — move [jump] from a level (in)to a level
    энергети́ческий, враща́тельный у́ровень — rotational level
    энергети́ческий, глубо́кий у́ровень — deep(-lying) state
    энергети́ческий, за́нятый у́ровень — occupied [filled] level
    энергети́ческий, запо́лненный у́ровень — filled [occupied] level
    энергети́ческий у́ровень захва́та — trapping level
    энергети́ческий, изоли́рованный у́ровень — single level
    энергети́ческий, колеба́тельный у́ровень — vibrational level
    энергети́ческий, наибо́лее глубо́кий у́ровень — innermost level
    энергети́ческий, незапо́лненный у́ровень — empty [vacant, unoccupied] level
    энергети́ческий, низколежа́щий у́ровень — low-lying level
    энергети́ческий, основно́й у́ровень — ground level
    энергети́ческий, пове́рхностный у́ровень — surface level
    энергети́ческий, при́месный у́ровень — impurity level
    этало́нный у́ровень — reference level

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > уровень

  • 13 ῥέπω

    Grammatical information: v.
    Meaning: `to decline, to descend', esp. of the balance (scales), `to sway down, to turn out, to gain the upper hand', w. prefix also trans. `to lower, to let tilt' (Il.).
    Other forms: Rare fut. ῥέψω and aor. ῥέψαι (IA.).
    Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἐπι-, ἀντι-, κατα-.
    Derivatives: 1. ῥοπή f. `lowering, tilting (of the scales), swing' (Alc., IA.), to which a.o. ἀντί-ρροπος `equipoising, counterweighing', also connected with ῥέπω (Att.), with ἀντιρροπ-ίη (v. l. -ή) f. `counterweight' (Hp.). 2. περί-ρρεψις f. `tilting' (Hp.). 3. ῥόπαλον n. `bludgeon, mace' (Il.) [but Chantraine, Form. 246 calls connection with ῥέπω doubtful; I think that the word is rather Pre-Greek]with ῥοπάλ-ιον n. (hell. inscr. a. pap.), - ωτός `equipped with a club-like rounding' (D. C.), - ώδης `(pulsing) like a club', of the pulse, - ωσις f. des. of a hairdisease (medic.), - ικός `club-like', as des. of a verse (gramm.), - ίζει στρέφει, κινεῖ ὡς ῥόπαλον H. with - ισμοί pl. (Ar. Lys.); on the meaning of ῥόπαλον cf. below. 4. ῥόπτρον n. `the wood in a trap, knocker, ring at the door, tamboutine' (Archil., Att.); with dissim. ῥόπτον meaning unclear (Epid. IVa), - τίον κλειδίον H. 5. περι-, ἐπι-, κατα-ρρεπής `tilting etc.' (IA.), ἑτερο-ρρεπής prop. "tilting to (one or) the other side", `indecisive, unbiased' (A. in lyr., Hp.). 6. ῥεπτικός `tilting' ( Stoik.).
    Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
    Etymology: Beside the full grade root-present ῥέπω one assumes as zero grade ῥάπτω, ῥαπίζω (IE *u̯rep-: u̯r̥p-?), also with lengthened grade ῥώψ, but see s.v. As the main semantic denominator one posits `turn (together), wind, bend', but it is impossible to indicate in every case the connections. For ῥέπω one would like to assume a meaning `bow (away) from the straight position, divert', first of the scales. A basic meaning `turn', from where `throw' (cf. Lat. torqueō `turn, throw') one wanted to find in ῥόπαλον, ῥόπτρον (cf. WP. 1, 276 with Curtius a.o.); for the in that case to be assumed meaning `throwing stick' (cf. καλαῦροψ) there is however not the slightest indication. A direct connection with ῥαπίζω, ῥαπίς (prop. `rod, staff'; Persson Beitr. 1, 499) lies formally farther than direct connection with ῥέπω, ῥοπή. So ῥόπαλον prop. "the (for the blow) lowered, falling down (club)" like ῥόπτρον of the wood falling down ? Cf. ξύλον καθῆκε (E. HF 993) of the on the head of a boy downcoming club of Heracles. -- Cf. ῥέμβομαι w. references.
    Page in Frisk: 2,649-650

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ῥέπω

  • 14 couler

    couler [kule]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. intransitive verb
       a. [liquide, fromage] to run ; [sang, larmes, rivière] to flow ; [bougie] to drip
    • couler de source ( = être clair) to be obvious ; ( = s'enchaîner) to follow naturally
       b. faire couler [+ eau] to run
       c. [robinet] to run ; ( = fuir) to leak
       d. [bateau, personne] to sink ; [entreprise] to go under
    2. transitive verb
       a. [+ cire, ciment] to pour ; [+ métal, statue, cloche] to cast
       c. [+ bateau] to sink ; ( = faire échouer) (inf) [+ candidat] to bring down ; [+ entreprise] to wreck
    3. reflexive verb
       a. ( = se glisser)
    se couler dans/à travers to slip into/through
       b. se la couler douce (inf) ( = avoir la belle vie) to have an easy time of it (inf) ; ( = paresser) to take it easy
    * * *
    kule
    1.
    1) ( verser) to cast [métal, verre]; to pour [béton]
    2) ( fabriquer) to cast [buste, cloche]
    3) ( faire sombrer) lit to sink [navire]; fig (colloq) to put [something] out of business [entreprise, commerce]
    4) (colloq) ( faire échouer) [matière, épreuve] to make [somebody] fail [élève, étudiant]

    ce sont les maths qui l'ont coulé — it was his maths mark GB ou math grade US that brought him down


    2.
    verbe intransitif
    1) ( se mouvoir) [eau, ruisseau, boue, larmes, sang] to flow; [sève, peinture, colle, maquillage] to run

    couler de — to run ou flow from [robinet, fontaine, réservoir]; to run ou flow out of [plaie]

    faire couler quelque chose — to run [eau]; to pour [vin, mazout]

    2) ( se fluidifier) [fromage] to go runny
    3) ( glisser) [neige] to slide
    4) ( fuir) [robinet, stylo] to leak; [nez] to run
    5) ( sombrer) [bateau, personne] to sink
    6) ( passer paisiblement) liter [vie, temps] to slip by
    7) Botanique [fleur, fruit] to drop
    8) (colloq) ( faire faillite) [entreprise, projet] to go under, to sink

    faire couler une société — [personne, concurrence] to put a company out of business

    9) ( être bien formulé) to flow

    3.
    se couler verbe pronominal ( se glisser)

    se couler dans — to slip into [foule]; to slip between [draps]

    se couler entre — to slip between [obstacles, gens]

    ••
    * * *
    kule
    1. vi
    1) [eau, cours d'eau] to flow, to run

    La rivière coulait lentement. — The river flowed slowly.

    Le sang qui coule dans mes veines. — The blood flowing in my veins.

    couler à flot; couler à flots [champagne] — to flow freely

    l'argent coule à flot; l'argent coule à flots — there's plenty of money

    2) [robinet, nez] to run

    Ne laissez pas couler les robinets. — Don't leave the taps running., Don't leave the taps on.

    avoir le nez qui coule; J'ai le nez qui coule. — My nose is running.

    faire couler [eau, bain] — to run

    faire couler beaucoup d'encre [livre, film, sujet, article, chiffre] — to cause a lot of ink to flow, to be much written about

    3) (= sombrer) [bateau] to sink

    Un bateau a coulé pendant la tempête. — A boat sank during the storm.

    couler à pic — to sink straight to the bottom, to go straight to the bottom

    4) (= faire faillite) [entreprise] to go under

    Ça coule de source. — It's obvious.

    2. vt
    1) [cloche, sculpture] to cast
    2) [bateau] to sink
    3) fig, [entreprise] to put out of business
    4) (= passer) [jours, vie] to enjoy

    couler une bielle; Il a coulé une bielle. — His big end went.

    * * *
    couler verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( verser) to cast [métal, verre]; to pour [béton]; couler une dalle de béton to make a concrete slab;
    2 ( fabriquer) to cast [buste, cloche]; couler un bronze lit to cast a bronze; ( déféquer)◑ to have a crap○;
    3 ( faire sombrer) lit to sink [navire]; fig○ to put [sth] out of business [entreprise, commerce]; le supermarché a coulé l'épicerie du quartier the supermarket has put the corner shop out of business;
    4 ○( faire échouer) [matière, épreuve] to make [sb] fail [élève, étudiant]; ce sont les maths qui l'ont coulé it was his maths mark GB ou math grade US that brought him down; les scandales l'ont coulé the scandals ruined him○;
    5 ( glisser discrètement) liter couler qch dans qch to slip sth into sth; il a coulé une lettre dans ma poche he slipped a letter into my pocket; couler un regard vers qch/qn to steal a glance at sth/sb.
    B vi
    1 ( se mouvoir) [eau, ruisseau, boue, larmes, sang] to flow; [sève, peinture, colle, maquillage] to run; la Saône coule à Lyon the Saône flows through Lyons; ton rimmel® a coulé your mascara has run; le sang/la sueur coulait sur mon front blood/sweat was running down my forehead; couler de to run ou flow from [robinet, fontaine, réservoir]; to run ou flow out of [plaie]; faire couler qch to run [eau]; to pour [vin, mazout]; faire couler un bain to run a bath; fais-toi couler un bain run yourself a bath;
    2 ( se fluidifier) [fromage] to go runny;
    3 ( glisser) [neige] to slide; faire couler du sable entre ses doigts to let some sand run through one's fingers; allez bois, ça coule tout seul! come on drink it, it just slips down;
    4 ( fuir) [robinet, tube, stylo] to leak; [nez] to run; j'ai le nez qui coule my nose is running, I've got a runny nose;
    5 ( sombrer) [bateau, personne] to sink; je coule! I'm drowning!; faire couler un bateau to sink a boat;
    6 ( passer paisiblement) liter [vie, temps] to slip by;
    7 Bot [fleur, fruit] to drop;
    8 ○( faire faillite) [entreprise, projet] to go under, to sink; faire couler une société [personne, concurrence] to put a company out of business;
    9 ( être bien formulé) [phrases, vers, paroles] to flow.
    C se couler vpr ( se glisser) se couler dans to slip into [foule, ouverture]; to slip between [draps]; se couler entre to slip between [piquets, obstacles, gens].
    couler des jours heureux to lead a happy life.
    [kule] verbe intransitif
    1. [fleuve, eau] to run, to flow
    b. [goutte à goutte] sweat was trickling down his face
    le sable/l'argent coule entre ses doigts sand/money trickles through her fingers
    faire couler de la salive (figuré) to cause some tongue-wagging, to set the tongues wagging
    il coulera de l'eau sous les ponts avant que... there'll be a lot of water under the bridge before...
    2. [progresser facilement] to flow
    laisse couler! (familier) don't bother!, just drop it!
    3. [avoir une fuite - robinet] to leak, to drip
    4. [se liquéfier - fromage, bougie] to run
    5. [sombrer - nageur] to go under ; [ - bateau] to go down, to sink
    [entreprise, politicien] to sink, to go down
    ————————
    [kule] verbe transitif
    1. [faire sombrer - bateau] to sink ; [ - entreprise, concurrent] to sink, to bring down (separable)
    2. (littéraire) [passer]
    3. [ciment] to pour
    [métal] to cast
    4. [fabriquer - statue] to cast
    ————————
    se couler verbe pronominal intransitif
    [se glisser]
    ————————
    se couler verbe pronominal transitif

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > couler

  • 15 Richtlatte

    Richtlatte f 1. level, floating rule, browning rod, straight edger; 2. BB, TE grade strip (beim Betonieren, Estrichverlegen); 3. VERM guiding rod, measuring staff

    Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Richtlatte

  • 16 каучук

    caoutchouc, masterbatch, rubber, rubber resin
    * * *
    каучу́к м.
    (raw) rubber
    арми́ровать каучу́к — reinforce the rubber
    арми́ровать каучу́к тка́нью — embed a fabric in the body of the rubber for strength
    вальцева́ть каучу́к — mill the rubber
    вспе́нивать каучу́к — foam the rubber
    вулканизова́ть каучу́к — vulcanize the rubber
    гидри́ровать каучу́к — hydrogenate the rubber
    гранули́ровать каучу́к — granulate the rubber
    декристаллизова́ть каучу́к — defrost the rubber
    копти́ть каучу́к — smoke the rubber
    листова́ть каучу́к — sheet out the rubber
    мягчи́ть каучу́к — soften the rubber
    наполня́ть каучу́к ( вводить наполнители)
    1. ( на стадии латекса) extend the rubber
    обезво́живать каучу́к — dehydrate the rubber
    обессмо́ливать каучу́к — de-resin the rubber
    очища́ть каучу́к — purify the rubber
    пептизи́ровать каучу́к — peptize the rubber
    перевальцева́ть каучу́к — dead-mill [dead-roll] the rubber, mill [roll] the rubber dead
    перераба́тывать каучу́к — process the rubber
    пластифици́ровать каучу́к
    1. ( вводить пластификатор) plasticize the rubber
    2. ( механически обрабатывать) break down [masticate] the rubber
    разбавля́ть каучу́к — dilute the rubber
    рафини́ровать каучу́к — refine the rubber
    упако́вывать каучу́к в ки́пы — bale the rubber
    уси́ливать каучу́к — reinforce the rubber
    фракциони́ровать каучу́к — fractionate the rubber
    хлори́ровать каучу́к — chlorinate the rubber
    эмульги́ровать каучу́к — emulsify the rubber
    бутадие́н-нитри́льный каучу́к — butadiene (acrylo)nitrile rubber
    бутадие́новый каучу́к — butadiene rubber
    бутадие́н-стиро́ловый каучу́к — butadiene-styrene rubber
    ди́кий каучу́к — wild rubber
    жё́сткий каучу́к — hard [tough] rubber
    износосто́йкий каучу́к — abrasion resistant rubber
    изопре́новый каучу́к — isoprene rubber
    исхо́дный каучу́к — initial [source] rubber
    корнево́й каучу́к — root rubber
    ла́тексный каучу́к — latex rubber
    листово́й каучу́к — sheet rubber
    маслонапо́лненный каучу́к — oil-extended a rubber
    морозосто́йкий каучу́к — cold-resistant [low-temperature] rubber
    мя́гкий каучу́к — soft rubber
    натура́льный каучу́к — natural rubber
    несо́ртный каучу́к — off-grade rubber
    низкока́чественный каучу́к — low-quality a rubber
    каучу́к о́бщего назначе́ния — general-purpose rubber
    плантацио́нный каучу́к — estate [plantation] rubber
    плё́ночный каучу́к — hull rubber
    пли́точный каучу́к — slab rubber
    полисульфи́дный каучу́к — polysulphide rubber
    полиэфи́рный каучу́к — ester rubber
    порошкообра́зный каучу́к — powder(ed) rubber
    са́жевый каучу́к — carbon black(-extended) [black-filled] rubber
    сажема́сляный каучу́к — oil-black master-batch rubber
    саженапо́лненный каучу́к — carbon black(-extended) [black-filled] rubber
    синтетиче́ский каучу́к — synthetic rubber
    смолонапо́лненный каучу́к — resin-filled rubber
    сополиме́рный каучу́к — copolymer rubber
    каучу́к специа́льного назначе́ния — special-purpose rubber
    станда́ртный каучу́к — regular rubber
    стержнево́й каучу́к — rod rubber
    сыро́й каучу́к — crude [raw] rubber
    твё́рдый каучу́к — solid rubber
    това́рный каучу́к — commercial rubber
    урета́новый каучу́к — urethane rubber
    фторсодержа́щий каучу́к — fluorine(-containing) rubber
    хими́чески модифици́рованный каучу́к — chemical rubber
    хлорпре́новый каучу́к — chloroprene-rubber
    це́льный каучу́к — whole latex rubber
    циклизи́рованный каучу́к — cyclized rubber
    чи́стый каучу́к — pure rubber
    ши́нный каучу́к — tyre rubber
    этиле́н-пропиле́новый каучу́к — ethylene-propylene rubber

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > каучук

  • 17 сталь

    * * *
    сталь ж.
    steel
    азоти́ровать сталь — nitride steel
    алити́ровать сталь — aluminize steel
    вакууми́ровать сталь — treat (molten) steel under vacuum
    вари́ть сталь жарг. — make steel
    ворони́ть сталь — blue steel
    выплавля́ть сталь — make steel
    гофрирова́ть сталь — corrugate steel
    закаля́ть сталь — harden steel; ( охлаждать в целях закалки) quench steel
    ката́ть сталь в горя́чем состоя́нии — hot-roll steel
    ката́ть сталь в холо́дном состоя́нии — cold-roll steel
    леги́ровать сталь — alloy steel
    нагарто́вывать сталь — work-harden steel
    нагрева́ть сталь — reheat steel
    науглеро́живать сталь — carburize steel
    нормализова́ть сталь — normalize steel
    обраба́тывать сталь термомехани́ческий — ausform steel
    омедня́ть сталь — copper-plate steel
    отжига́ть сталь — anneal steel
    отпуска́ть сталь — temper steel
    оцинко́вывать сталь — galvanize steel
    пакети́ровать сталь — fagot steel
    передува́ть сталь — overblow steel
    пережига́ть сталь — burn steel
    плакирова́ть сталь — clad steel
    подверга́ть сталь термообрабо́тке — heat-treat steel
    поставля́ть сталь по механи́ческим сво́йствам — market steel on the basis of physical specifications
    поставля́ть сталь по хими́ческому соста́ву — market steel on the basis of chemical specifications
    продува́ть сталь по́лностью — blow steel fully
    разлива́ть сталь (в изло́жницы) — cast steel, pour [teem] steel into moulds
    расчисля́ть сталь — deoxidize steel
    рифли́ть сталь — checker steel
    стабилизи́ровать сталь — stabilize steel
    трави́ть сталь — pickle steel
    успока́ивать сталь — kill steel
    хроми́ровать сталь хими́ческим спо́собом — chromate steel
    хроми́ровать сталь электролити́ческим спо́собом — chrome-plate steel
    цементи́ровать сталь — case-harden steel
    авиацио́нная сталь — aircraft steel
    автома́тная сталь — free-cutting steel
    алма́зная сталь — extra-hard steel
    армату́рная сталь — reinforcing-bar steel; ( вид проката) reinforcing bars
    аустени́тная сталь — abstenitic steel
    бессеме́ровская сталь — Bessemer steel
    бруско́вая сталь уст. — (square) bar steel
    быстроре́жущая сталь — high-speed steel
    була́тная сталь — Damascus steel, damascene
    высоколеги́рованная сталь — high-alloy steel
    высокоуглеро́дистая, высокомарганцо́вистая и т. п. сталь — high-carbon, high-manganese, etc. steel
    дама́сская сталь — Damascus steel, damascene
    дина́мная сталь — dynamo steel
    дисперсио́нно-тверде́ющая сталь — precipitation-hardening steel
    доэвтекто́идная сталь — hypoeutectoid steel
    жаропро́чная сталь — high-temperature steel
    жаросто́йкая сталь — heat-resistant steel
    заклё́почная сталь — rivet steel
    заэвтекто́идная сталь — hypereutectoid steel
    износосто́йкая сталь — wear-resisting steel
    инструмента́льная сталь — tool steel
    квадра́тная сталь — squares
    кипя́щая сталь — брит. rimming steel; амер. rimmed steel
    ки́слая сталь — acid steel
    кислотосто́йкая сталь — acid resisting steel
    кла́панная сталь — valve steel
    конве́ртерная сталь — converter steel
    конструкцио́нная сталь — structural steel
    ко́рпусная сталь — hull plate
    коррозио́нно-сто́йкая сталь — corrosion-resistant steel
    коте́льная сталь — boiler steel
    кремни́стая сталь — silicon steel
    кру́глая сталь — rounds
    леги́рованная сталь — alloyed [alloy-treated] steel
    малоуглеро́дистая сталь — low-carbon steel
    ма́рганцевая сталь — manganese steel
    марте́новская сталь — open-hearth steel
    мартенси́тная сталь — martensitic steel
    мартенситностаре́ющая сталь — maraging steel
    многосло́йная сталь — ply steel
    мя́гкая сталь — mild [soft] steel
    недораски́сленная сталь — rising steel
    нелеги́рованная сталь — plain (carbon) steel
    нема́рочная сталь — off-grade steel
    нержаве́ющая сталь — stainless steel
    низколеги́рованная сталь — low-alloyed steel
    низкоуглеро́дистая сталь — low-carbon steel
    о́бручная сталь — hoop iron
    основна́я сталь — basic steel
    перли́тная сталь — pearlitic steel
    сталь пове́рхностной прока́ливаемости — shallow-hardening steel
    подши́пниковая сталь — bearing steel
    полосова́я сталь ( не путать со стально́й полосо́й) — strip steel (not to be confused with steel strip)
    полуспоко́йная сталь — semikilled steel
    прока́тная, углова́я сталь — angles
    прока́тная, углова́я неравнобо́кая сталь — unequal angles
    прока́тная, углова́я равнобо́кая сталь — equal angles
    проста́я сталь — plain steel
    про́фильная сталь — steel shapes
    пружи́нная сталь — spring steel
    прутко́вая сталь — rod steel; ( вид проката) rods
    ре́льсовая сталь — rail steel
    ро́слая сталь — rising steel
    самозака́ливающаяся сталь — air-hardening steel
    сва́рочная сталь — weld steel
    сталь сквозно́й прока́ливаемости — through-hardening steel
    споко́йная сталь — killed steel
    судострои́тельная сталь — shipbuilding steel
    текстуро́ванная сталь — grain-oriented steel
    ти́гельная сталь — crucible steel
    толстолистова́я сталь — plate steel; ( вид проката) (steel) plate
    толстолистова́я, фасо́нная сталь — sketch plate(s)
    тонколистова́я сталь — sheet steel; ( вид проката) steel sheet
    то́почная сталь — fire-box steel
    трансформа́торная сталь — transformer steel
    тру́бная сталь — pipe steel
    углеро́дистая сталь — carbon steel
    фасо́нная сталь — structural shape(s)
    ферри́тная сталь — ferritic steel
    хро́мистая сталь — chromium steel
    цеме́нтная сталь — cement steel
    шве́ллерная сталь — channels
    шестигра́нная сталь — hexagonal steel, hexagons
    шта́мповая сталь — die steel
    штри́псовая сталь — skelp steel
    электри́ческая сталь — electrical steel (см. тж. электросталь)
    электротехни́ческая сталь — electrical-sheet [silicon-sheet] steel

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > сталь

  • 18 σμορδοῦν

    Grammatical information: v.
    Origin: XX [etym. unknown]
    Etymology: Acc. to Bechtel Herm. 55, 99 f. here also (with infixed κο; cf. Schwyzer 644) σμοκορδοῦν τὸ σχηματίζεσθαι τὰς γυναῖκας and σμοκόρδους τοὺς τὰς ὀφρῦς (?) ἐγκοίλους ἔχοντας H. -- Fron a noun *σμόρδος of unknown meaning; by Specht KZ 62, 215 identified with Lith. smárdas, Russ. smórod etc. `bad smell, stench'; IE *smórdos. Here also with zero grade Lith. smirdė́ti `stink', s. Fraenkel a. Vasmer s. vv. Doubts by Kretschmer Glotta 27, 37. Diff. v. Blumenthal Hesychst. 45: to IE * smerd- `rub' in σμερδαλέος etc. -- Cf. σμάρδικον(?), which would point to a Pre-Greek word. - So no etymology.
    Page in Frisk: 2,751

    Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > σμορδοῦν

  • 19 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

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